Úroda fytomasy Presilfia zrastenolistého, novo-introdukovanej energetickej plodiny testovanej na marginálnych ťažkých pôdach v podmienkach kontinentálnej klímy strednej Európy

This research was focused on a production potential of cup plant Silphium perfoliatum L. grown in marginal heavy soils with the following intensity of mineral nutrition: (i) intensive 245.0 kg/ha NPK, (ii) semi-intensive 122.5 kg/ha NPK and (iii) untreated control 0.0 kg/ha NPK. The large-scale pilot field experiments with ÓVÁRI-ÓRIÁS cultivar were carried out on 2 sites under semi-humid to humid Central European temperate climate during 4 years. Overall, it was achieved 13.59 t/ha of dry matter yield on average and the yields varied from 2.37 t/ha to 42.56 t/ha. During the three productive years (2018 – 2020) the crop yield was affected mainly by years (F-ratio 70.67, P-value 0.00), then by nutrition (F-ratio 30.50, P-value 0.00), followed by sites (F-ratio 1.92, P-value 0.17) and finally by replications (F-ratio 0.00, P-value 1.00). In general, cup plant productivity was increasing by a higher number of utility years and similarly, by increasing of nutrition intensity. Although the effect of the sites seems to be almost negligible, the present study does not include sites with arid or semi-arid climate, where the crop productivity may be completely different, especially if the soils are easy soils with an already drying water regime. This study focused on cup plant is probably one of first original research papers published as study based on large-scale experiments conducted in Slovakia, the crop is recognized as suitable perennial crop for energy as other purposes and therefore further agronomic as follow-up studies are needed.Predkladaný výskum bol zameraný na úrodový potenciál Presilfia zrastenoltisého Silphium perfoliatum L. pestovaného na marginálnej veľmi ťažkej pôde, pričom úroveň výživy bola diferencovaná na (i) intenzívnu 245,0 kg/ha NPK, (i) semiintenzívnu 122,5 kg/ha NPK a (iii) kontrolu bez výživy 0,0 kg/ha NPK. Rozsiahly pilotný poľný pokus s odrodou ÓVÁRIÓRIÁS bol uskutočnený na 2 lokalitách v stredoeurópskych klimatických podmienkach v semi-humídnej a humídnej oblasti počas 4 rokov. Celkovo bola dosiahnutá priemerná úroda sušiny 13,59 t/ha, pričom úrody kolísali od 2,37 t/ ha do 42,56 t/ha. Počas troch úžitkových rokov (2018 – 2020) úroda bola ovplyvnená najmä rokom (F 70,67; P 0,00), potom výživou (F 30,50; P 0,00), následne lokalitou (F 1,92; P 0,17) a nakoniec opakovaniami (F 0,00; P 1,00). Úroda Presilfia zrastenolistého narastala pribúdaním úžitkového roku a podobne aj zvyšovaním intenzity výživy. Napriek tomu, že vplyv lokalít sa javí takmer zanedbateľným, predložená štúdia nezahŕňa polosuché až suché lokality, kde môže byť úroda plodiny úplne odlišná, najmä na lokalitách s ľahkými pôdami vyznačujúcimi sa vysychavým vodným režimom. Táto štúdia zameraná na Presilfium zrastenolisté je jednou z prvých pôvodných výskumných prác zverejnených ako štúdia na základe rozsiahlych polo-prevádzkových pokusov uskutočnených na Slovensku, pričom plodina je rozpoznaná ako vhodná trváca plodina na energetické aj iné účely, preto sú potrebné ďalšie agronomické štúdie

Ligno-celulózová kvalita a energetická hodnota fytomasy Silphium perfoliatum L. pestovaného na marginálnych pôdach v podmienkach miernej kontinentálnej klímy strednej Európy

The aim of study was to determine ligno-cellulose quality and calorific value of cup plant Silphium perfoliatum L., whereas impact of nutrition, years and sites on the quality were evaluated as main effects within a huge pilot field experiment. Two complete data sets of acid-detergent fiber (ADF), acid-detergent lignin (ADL), crude cellulose (CE), hemicellulose (HEM), neutral-detergent fiber (NDF) and high heating value (HHV) were evaluated, a primary one in terms of quality content and a secondary one in terms of quality yield. Average, minimal and maximal ADF content was 43.73 – 31.32 – 48.94%, ADL 10.22 – 7.21 – 12.54%, CE 33.51 – 24.11 – 37.30%, HEM 4.17 – 2.33 – 5.75%, NDF 48.12 – 34.94 – 54.69% and HHV 15.83 – 15.21 – 16.79 MJ/kg, respectively. Adequate values of ADF yield was 5.461 – 1.021 – 20.827 t/ha, ADL 1.274 – 0.235 – 5.115 t/ha, CE 4.187 – 0.786 – 15.112 t/ha, HEM 0.569 – 0.055 – 2.447 t/ha, NDF 6.041 – 1.139 – 23.273 t/ha and HHV 195.528 – 36.481 – 704.914 GJ/ha, respectively. Ligno-cellulose quality and calorific value of cup plant vary with environment and management practices. In terms of quality content, the influence of the sites was generally the most significant (valid for ADF, ADL, CE and NDF), or alternately with the influence of the years (HEM and HHV) it was higher than a medium influence of the nutrition. In terms of quality yield the years has been confirmed the most important factor (mainly because great increasing of phytomass yield by utility year of that perennial crop), followed by nutrition and then by sites with the least impact, whereas that impact order was valid for each of parameter.Cieľom predkladanej práce je zhodnotiť ligno-celulózovú kvalitu a spaľovaciu hodnotu presilfia zrastenoslistého Silphium perfoliatum L., pričom vplyv výživy, ročníka a lokality sú hodnotené ako hlavné faktory v rámci rozsiahleho pilotného poľného pokusu. Dva kompletné súbory údajov acidodetergentnej vlákniny (ADF), acidodetergentného lignínu (ADL), hrubej celulózy (CE), hemicelulózy (HEM), neutralnodetergentnej vlákniny (NDF) a spaľovacieho tepla (HHV) boli vyhodnotené, prvotný z hľadiska obsahu kvality a druhotný z hľadiska úrody kvality. Priemerná, minimálna a maximálna hodnota obsahu ADF bola 43,73 – 31,32 – 48,94%, ADL 10,22 – 7,21 – 12,54%, CE 33,51 – 24,11 – 37,30%, HEM 4,17 – 2,33 – 5,75%, NDF 48,12 – 34,94 – 54,69%, resp. HHV 15,83 – 15,21 – 16,79 MJ/kg. Adekvátne hodnoty úrody ADF boli 5,461 – 1,021 – 20,827 t/ha, ADL 1,274 – 0,235 – 5,115 t/ha, CE 4,187 – 0,786 – 15,112 t/ha, HEM 0,569 – 0,055– 2,447 t/ha, NDF 6,041 – 1,139 – 23,273 t/ha, resp. HHV 195,528 – 36,481 – 704,914 GJ/ha. Ligno-celulózová kvalita a spaľovacia hodnota presilfia zrastenolistého kolísala v závislosti od podmienok prostredia a pestovateľských opatrení. Z hľadiska obsahu kvality bola najvýznamnejším faktorom lokalita (platná pri ADF, ADL, CE a NDF), prípadne striedavo s ročníkom (pri HEM a HHV) mala vyšší vplyv ako stredný vplyv výživy. Z hľadiska úrody kvality bol najvýznamnejším faktorom ročník (hlavne pre veľký nárast úrody sušiny pribúdajúcim úžitkovým rokom trvácej plodiny), nasledované výživou a naokoniec lokalitou s najnižším vplyvom, pričom toto poradie platilo pri každom kvalitatívnom ukazovateli

Institutions, policy reforms and efficiency in new member states from Centraland Eastern Europe

This paper investigates determinants of agricultural sector efficiency in ten new member states (NMS-10) of the European Union (EU) from Central and Eastern European countries by the non-parametric method Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and the panel data analysis. The agricultural sector efficiency varies between the NMS-10. We have found positive and significant association of the agricultural sector efficiency with the natural agricultural factor endowments, average farm size, farm specialization, small-scale farms, and the EU integration process. The foreign direct investments have an ambiguous affect, while the nominal assistance rate is not found significant. Reform and institutional developments and liberalization are associated with the agricultural sector efficiency positively, and vice versa infrastructure development and agricultural policy reforms, which have caused job flows and agricultural employment adjustments. The urban-rural income gap with job flows and agricultural labour adjustments have caused the agricultural sector efficiency positively. --agricultural efficiency,institutions,policy reforms

The influence of first wort part and afterworts on saccharification of wort

Wort is a basic product of mashing, which forms the first intermediate in beer production and constitute the base of its final value. For qualitative value wort has the greatest impact grist per brew, which is a description of materials, they bring to brew extract and determine its the volume and concentration. The main component grist per brew for light and dark beers is stored pale malt and possibly a smaller proportion of adjuncts. The aim of our work was to assess the qualitative parameters of malt in terms of content extract and its impact on the amount of produced the first wort part and afterwort and their qualitative values expressed in % saccharification and volumes. We measured 3 types of malts with the content of the extract 75.2%, 76.1%, 77.2% in the original sample, which determined mainly reached saccharification of first part wort and other afterwort parts one and two. In terms attained of saccharification it was necessary to use on sparge of spent grains at afterwort number two only the amount of water, which would be not affect the total saccharification of wort and its qualitative parameters

Sarkocistoza papkarske divljači u Slovačkoj

In this paper, we analyze the results of surveys of Sarcocystis spp. carried out on heart and skeletal muscles from 71 ex. of cloven-hoofed game hunted in Central and Eastern Slovakia between 2005 and 2007. Sarcocystis infection was determined among 91.5 % of the 71 cloven-hoofed game animals (deer, mouflon, chamois, wild boar): 100% in 13 roe deer, 10 mouflons, 8 fallow deer, and 6 chamois; 85.0 % in 20 wild boars, 78.6 % in 14 red deer. In examined cloven-hoofed game in Slovakia a high intensity of infection of Sarcocystis spp., was recorded. The highest intensity of infection was in wild boars (up to 1,495 microcysts per gram) and roe deer (903 microcysts per gram). Animals under one year of age showed low intensity of infection in comparison with adults: red deer (19/g), mouflon (19/g), chamois (19/g) and wild boar (52/g). Muscle samples of males had a significantly higher intensity of infection than females. Intensity of infection was statistically significant in red deer male versus calves p<0.05; chamois male versus lamb p<0.001, chamois female versus lamb p<0.001, chamois male versus female p<0.05, wild boar male versus female p<0.01, wild boar female versus piglet p<0.05. We also present the morphology of thin-walled microcysts of Sarcocystis spp. according to histological sections. Light microscopy showed typical features of Sarcocystis spp. microcysts in skeletal muscles and myocardium. Thin-walled microcysts were filled with numerous bradyzoites, which are situated inside chamber-like hollows in the cysts.U radu je istraživana prisutnost parazita Sarcocystis spp. u poprečno-prugastom srčanom i skeletnom mišićju 71 primjerka papkarske divljači odstrijeljene u razdoblju od 2005. do 2007. na području središnje i istočne Slovačke. Invazija sarkocistama je utvrđena u 91% pregledane divljači (jelenska divljač, muflon, divokoza, divlja svinja), i to u 100% od pregledanih 13 srna, 10 muflona, 8 jelena lopatara i 6 divokoza; 85.0% u 20 pregledanih divljih svinja; 78.6% u pregledanih 14 jelena običnih. Također je u pretražene papkarske divljači zabilježen i visoki intenzitet invazije, najviši u divljih svinja (do 1.495 mikrocista po gramu) i srna (903 mikrociste po gramu). Niži intenzitet invazije zabilježen je u mladunčadi u odnosu na odrasle životinje; jelen obični (19/g), muflon (19/g), divokoza (19/g) i divlja svinja (52/g). Statistički značajno jača invazija utvrđena je u mužjaka negoli u ženki. Nadalje, statistički značajne razlike uočene su u intenzitetu invazije kod mužjaka jelena običnog u odnosu na telad p<0.05; divojaraca u odnosu na janjad p<0.001, divokoza u odnosu na janjad p<0.001, divojaraca u odnosu na divokoze p<0.05, veprova u odnosu na krmače p<0.01 te krmača u odnosu na prasad p<0.05. U radu su također prikazane i morfološke osobitosti mikrocista parazita Sarcocystis spp. u poprečno-prugastom skeletnom i srčanom mišićju, prema histološkom prikazu. Mikrociste su bile ispunjene brojnim bradizoitima, smještenima unutar komorica

InGaN/(GaN)/AlGaN/GaN normally-off metal-oxide-semiconductor high-electron mobility transistors with etched access region

The proposal and processing aspects of the prove-of-concept InGaN/GaN/AlGaN/GaN metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) high-electron mobility transistor with etched access regions are addressed. Full strain and decent quality of the epitaxial system comprising 4 nm In0.16Ga0.84N/3 nm GaN/5 nm Al0.27Ga0.73N are observed using a high-resolution transmission-electron microscopy and by deformation profile extractions. Large negative polarization charge in the MOS gate stack provides the HEMT normally-off operation, while free electrons are populated at access regions after etching. Consecutive passivation by 10 nm Al2O3 together with annealing at 300 °C improved the Al2O3/semiconductor interface, with the threshold voltage (V T ) reaching 1 V. Improvements of the present concept in comparison to the previous one with a gate recess were proved by showing the decreased drain leakage current and increased breakdown voltage

Effect of a Soil-Applied Humic Ameliorative Amendment on the Yield Potential of Switchgrass <i>Panicum virgatum</i> L. Cultivated under Central European Continental Climate Conditions

The yield potential of switchgrass was verified by testing seven cultivars in a small-scale experiment carried out from 2018 to 2022 on Gleyic Fluvisol under Central European conditions. The treatments are as follows: pre-sowing (i/HA) soil humic preparation Humac AGRO (based on leonardite) with an ameliorative dose of 1000.0 kg ha−1 or (ii/NPK) basic nutrition with a dose of 220.0 kg ha−1 NPK; an annual dose of 70 kg ha−1 N was applied to both treatments (HA, NPK) and compared to (iii/UC) untreated control. A dry matter (DM) yield of 9.02 t ha−1 was achieved in the total average, which varied from 0.05 t ha−1 to 60.64 t ha−1. The yield was affected mainly by years (F-ratio 106.64), then by nutrition (F-ratio 79.03), followed by cultivars (F-ratio 56.87), and finally by replications (F-ratio 0.00). Switchgrass productivity increased according to the utility year; however, the driest year (2020—388 mm, 2021—372 mm, and 2022—288 mm) changed the order of the three full utility years (12.44, 19.13, and 7.73 t ha−1 DM, respectively). HA gives the highest DM yield of 13.69 t ha−1 on average with values of 9.19 and 4.19 for NPK and UC, respectively. The cultivars order was EG 1101 ˃ BO Master ˃ EG 1102 ˃ Kanlow ˃ Alamo ˃ Carthage ˃ NJ Ecotype (21.15, 12.48, 8.14, 7.70, 6.34, 4.47, and 2.89 t ha−1 DM when ranking average yield or 60.64, 45.20, 29.92, 29.15, 17.87, 9.86, and 5.93 t ha−1 DM when ranking maximal yields)

Truth vs ordo amoris in the history of mankind and individual moral development

The goal of this study is to supply arguments for the existence of objective moral order. In my research, I consider ordo amoris theory, developed by Scheler, in which emotionally valued stances have an important role in discovering objective moral order. Philosophical elaboration of the ordo amoris theory follows historical excursion in which I build on ideological roots of the ordo amoris. Furthermore, I analyse basic terms of the theory with an emphasis on the term individual moral development. A Significant characteristic in the individual moral development is being freed from outer factors, which rule over man and lead to the creation of free individuality. In the second chapter, I elaborate on and specify an observation of emotions by using the examples of love, repentance, shame and sympathy. These emotions play an important role in individual moral development. In the third part of my work I demonstrate that the historical development of a society is subject to patterns that are similar to the development of the individual. A breach of the objective moral order ends up in decline